Beta-alanine metabolism

Beta-alanine metabolism.

Beta-Alanine is the only naturally occurring non-essential beta amino acid. It is formed in organism by different metabolic pathways.

One occurs via reductive pyrimidine degradation and begins with the conversion of Uracil to 5,6-Dihydrouracil by Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) [1], [2]. Then Dihydropyrimidinase (DPYS) catalyzes the reversible hydrolytic ring opening of dihydrouracil to N-Carbamoyl-beta-alanine [3], which in turn is hydrolyzed to beta-Alanine by Ureidopropionase, beta (BUP1) [4], [5].

Another main pathway of beta-Alanine biosynthesis is degradation of beta-Alanyl-(L)-histidine. Carnosine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.22) converts beta-Alanyl-(L)-histidine to Anserine using S-Adenosyl-L-methionine as methyl donor [6]. Then Anserine is hydrolyzed to beta-Alanine by Carnosine dipeptidase 1 (metallopeptidase M20 family) CPGL2 [7]. Beta-Alanyl-(L)-histidine may also be hydrolyzed by CPGL2 to beta-Alanine and (L)-Histidine [7], [8].

(L)-Aspartic acid undergoes decarboxylation to beta-Alanine by Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67kDa) (GAD1) and Glutamate decarboxylase 2 (pancreatic islets and brain, 65kDa) (GAD2) [9] or by Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD) [10].

1, 3-Diaminopropane is involved in the beta-Alanine metabolic pathway via formation of 3-Aminopropanal by Amiloride binding protein 1 (amine oxidase (copper-containing)) (ABP1) [11] followed by Aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family, member A1 (ALD9A1)-catalyzed oxidation to beta-Alanine [12], [13].

4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABT) catalyzes the conversion of 2-Oxo-glutaric acid and beta-Alanine to L-Glutamic acid and Malonic semialdehyde that takes part in propionate metabolism [14], [15].

References:

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