G-Protein alpha-s signaling cascades
G-protein alpha-s coupled receptors
interact with trimeric G-protein alpha-s/ beta/gamma causing
exchange of GDP for GTP bound to G-protein alpha-s subunits,
followed by dissociation of the beta/gamma heterodimers.
G-protein alpha-s can directly stimulate
activity of v-src sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog
(c-Src) and Adenylate cyclase 1
(Adenylate cyclase type
I).
Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins are GTPase-activating
proteins (GAPs) that attenuate signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins. Regulator of
G-protein signaling 2, 24kDa (RGS2) directly binds with
G-protein alpha-s and selectively inhibits G
protein alpha-s function [1].
G-protein alpha-s activates all isoforms of
adenylate cyclases. After stimuli, Adenylate cyclase type I
increases levels of cAMP in the cell and activates Protein
kinase, cAMP-dependent (PKA) inactive complex
(PKA-reg (cAMP-dependent) - PKA-cat (cAMP-dependent)), which
results in PKA activation [2].
PKA regulates activity of different proteins
participating in various cell processes.
PKA-cat (cAMP-dependent) phosphorylates and stimulates
cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) [3]. Phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase 4A, cAMP-specific (PDE4A)
by PKA-cat (cAMP-dependent) increases
PDE4A activity and catalyzes
cAMP hydrolysis [4]. PKA-cat
(cAMP-dependent) also phosphorylates Ryanodine receptor 1
(RYR1) and, thereby, activates a calcium (Ca2+) release
channel [5].
On the other hand, phosphorylation by PKA inhibits
Glycogen synthase kinase-alpha/beta (GSK3alpha/beta)
activity [6], reduces the affinity of Adducin 1
(Alpha adducin) for actin complexes, and
blocks the action of Anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which
regulates mitotic progression and chromatin assembly [7].
Other targets for cAMP are guanine nucleotide exchange
factors for small GTPases. cAMP binds guanine nucleotide
exchange factor Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 2
(PDZ-GEF1) and activates Mitogen-activated protein kinase
kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1(MAP2K1),
MEK2(MAP2K2))/ Mitogen-activated protein kinases 1-3
(ERK1/2) pathway via v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral
oncogene homolog (H-RAS)- v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral
oncogene homolog 1 (c-Raf-1) regulation [8].
Other cAMP-binding guanine nucleotide exchange factors Rap guanine nucleotide exchange
factor (GEF) 4 and 3
(cAMP-GEFII,
cAMP-GEFI) promote cell proliferation via
RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family
(RAP-1A)/ v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1
(B-RAF)/ MEK1(MAP2K1),
MEK2(MAP2K2)/ ERK1/2 pathway
and inhibit c-Raf-1 signaling [9].
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