Cholesterol and Sphingolipids transport / Distribution to the intracellular membrane compartments (normal and CF)

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Cholesterol and Sphingolipid transport/ Distribution to the intracellular membrane compartments (normal and CF)

CF pathway (highlighted in purple on map)

Cultured model CF epithelial cells exhibit intracellular accumulation of unesterified Cholesterol in a manner similar to Niemann-Pick disease. This leads to accumulation of free Cholesterol in late endosomes and lysosomes [1], [2], [3].

Increased Cholesterol and Sphingolipids in punctate endosomal structures indicate a block in the translocation of Cholesterol to the ER and Golgi from late endosomes and lysosomes [2]. Overexpression of RAB9A member RAS oncogene family (Rab-9) clears the punctate Cholesterol accumulations and this might be the consequence of Rab-9 overcoming an endosome-to-Golgi cholesterol trafficking block in CF cells [2].

Normal pathway

Cholesterol and Sphingolipids are transported from early endosomes via the Rab-mediated mechanism. Rab-7 plays a role in the lipid transport from early-to-late endosomes and late endosomes-to-lysosomes. Rab-9 is thought to regulate the late endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) transport step through its interaction with mannose-6-phosphate receptor binding protein 1 (TIP47) [4]. Sphingolipids are sorted preferentially to TGN via Rab-7 and Rab-9 interaction [5]. Cholesterol and, especially, Cholesteryl ester can be sorted to both TGN and lysosome. Rab-9 overexpression helps to clear ERC cholesterol accumulation that by itself might be the consequence of Rab-9 overcoming an endosome-to-Golgi Cholesterol trafficking block in F508-expressing cells [2]. In lysosomes, acid cholesterol esterase (LIPA) hydrolyses Cholesteryl ester to free Cholesterol and fatty acids [6]. Sphingolipid activator proteins promote Sphingolipids degradation by lysosomal enzymes [7].

Exchange of Cholestrol content between late endosomes and lysosomes depends upon the ongoing tubulovesicular late endocytic trafficking. It is suspected that Niemann-Pick disease type C1 protein (NPC1) not only mediates Cholesterol efflux from the late endosome membrane inner leaflet to the outer leaflet, but also promotes formation of tubule with Cholesterol from lysosomes and late endosomes toward other intracellular membranes and especially the trans-Golgi network (TGN) [8], [9], [10], [11].

Niemann-Pick disease type C2 (NPC2) protein and NPC1 promote Cholesterol efflux presumably via a direct interaction with the acceptor membrane. Transfer of Cholesterol to membranes is increased in acidic environment [12].

StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain containing proteins 4 and 5 (StARD4 and StARD5) may capture Cholesterol via their MENTAL domain in the late-endosomal membranes. Cholesterol can then be transferred to the cytosolic acceptor protein or to the membrane. START domain containing proteins has been shown to transfer Cholesterol from other donor to acceptor vesicles [11], [13], [14].

Soluble cytosolic proteins like sterol carrier protein 2 (SCPX(SCP2)) promote Cholesterol transfer from lysosome membrane to outer mitochondrial membrane [15]. Thus, these proteins promote non-vesicle intracellular Cholesterol transport between intracellular membranes (endosomes, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), complex Golgi etc.), cytosolic Chiolesterol/Cholesteryl ester pool, lipid droplets and probably to the inner leaflet of plasma membrane [11], [14], [16], [17], [18].

References:

  1. White NM, Jiang D, Burgess JD, Bederman IR, Previs SF, Kelley TJ
    Altered cholesterol homeostasis in cultured and in vivo models of cystic fibrosis. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 2007 Feb;292(2):L476-86
  2. Gentzsch M, Choudhury A, Chang XB, Pagano RE, Riordan JR
    Misassembled mutant DeltaF508 CFTR in the distal secretory pathway alters cellular lipid trafficking. Journal of cell science 2007 Feb 1;120(Pt 3):447-55
  3. Lim CH, Bijvelds MJ, Nigg A, Schoonderwoerd K, Houtsmuller AB, de Jonge HR, Tilly BC
    Cholesterol depletion and genistein as tools to promote F508delCFTR retention at the plasma membrane. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 2007;20(5):473-82
  4. Takahashi M, Murate M, Fukuda M, Sato SB, Ohta A, Kobayashi T
    Cholesterol controls lipid endocytosis through Rab11. Molecular biology of the cell 2007 Jul;18(7):2667-77
  5. Choudhury A, Dominguez M, Puri V, Sharma DK, Narita K, Wheatley CL, Marks DL, Pagano RE
    Rab proteins mediate Golgi transport of caveola-internalized glycosphingolipids and correct lipid trafficking in Niemann-Pick C cells. The Journal of clinical investigation 2002 Jun;109(12):1541-50
  6. Sugii S, Reid PC, Ohgami N, Du H, Chang TY
    Distinct endosomal compartments in early trafficking of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Jul 18;278(29):27180-9
  7. Sandhoff K, Klein A
    Intracellular trafficking of glycosphingolipids: role of sphingolipid activator proteins in the topology of endocytosis and lysosomal digestion. FEBS letters 1994 Jun 6;346(1):103-7
  8. Higgins ME, Davies JP, Chen FW, Ioannou YA
    Niemann-Pick C1 is a late endosome-resident protein that transiently associates with lysosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Molecular genetics and metabolism 1999 Sep;68(1):1-13
  9. Zhang M, Dwyer NK, Love DC, Cooney A, Comly M, Neufeld E, Pentchev PG, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Hanover JA
    Cessation of rapid late endosomal tubulovesicular trafficking in Niemann-Pick type C1 disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 Apr 10;98(8):4466-71
  10. Chang TY, Chang CC, Ohgami N, Yamauchi Y
    Cholesterol sensing, trafficking, and esterification. Annual review of cell and developmental biology 2006;22:129-57
  11. Prinz WA
    Non-vesicular sterol transport in cells. Progress in lipid research 2007 Nov;46(6):297-314
  12. Infante RE, Wang ML, Radhakrishnan A, Kwon HJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL
    NPC2 facilitates bidirectional transfer of cholesterol between NPC1 and lipid bilayers, a step in cholesterol egress from lysosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 Oct 7;105(40):15287-92
  13. Alpy F, Tomasetto C
    MLN64 and MENTHO, two mediators of endosomal cholesterol transport. Biochemical Society transactions 2006 Jun;34(Pt 3):343-5
  14. Miller WL
    Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a novel mitochondrial cholesterol transporter. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2007 Jun;1771(6):663-76
  15. Gallegos AM, Schoer JK, Starodub O, Kier AB, Billheimer JT, Schroeder F
    A potential role for sterol carrier protein-2 in cholesterol transfer to mitochondria. Chemistry and physics of lipids 2000 Mar;105(1):9-29
  16. Wustner D, Herrmann A, Hao M, Maxfield FR
    Rapid nonvesicular transport of sterol between the plasma membrane domains of polarized hepatic cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 2002 Aug 16;277(33):30325-36
  17. Rodriguez-Agudo D, Ren S, Hylemon PB, Monta?ez R, Redford K, Natarajan R, Medina MA, Gil G, Pandak WM
    Localization of StarD5 cholesterol binding protein. Journal of lipid research 2006 Jun;47(6):1168-75
  18. de Donato G, Gussoni G, de Donato G, Cao P, Setacci C, Pratesi C, Mazzone A, Ferrari M, Veglia F, Bonizzoni E, Settembrini P, Ebner H, Martino A, Palombo D, Ilaill Study Group
    Acute limb ischemia in elderly patients: can iloprost be useful as an adjuvant to surgery? Results from the ILAILL study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2007 Aug;34(2):194-8

  1. White NM, Jiang D, Burgess JD, Bederman IR, Previs SF, Kelley TJ
    Altered cholesterol homeostasis in cultured and in vivo models of cystic fibrosis. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 2007 Feb;292(2):L476-86
  2. Gentzsch M, Choudhury A, Chang XB, Pagano RE, Riordan JR
    Misassembled mutant DeltaF508 CFTR in the distal secretory pathway alters cellular lipid trafficking. Journal of cell science 2007 Feb 1;120(Pt 3):447-55
  3. Lim CH, Bijvelds MJ, Nigg A, Schoonderwoerd K, Houtsmuller AB, de Jonge HR, Tilly BC
    Cholesterol depletion and genistein as tools to promote F508delCFTR retention at the plasma membrane. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 2007;20(5):473-82
  4. Takahashi M, Murate M, Fukuda M, Sato SB, Ohta A, Kobayashi T
    Cholesterol controls lipid endocytosis through Rab11. Molecular biology of the cell 2007 Jul;18(7):2667-77
  5. Choudhury A, Dominguez M, Puri V, Sharma DK, Narita K, Wheatley CL, Marks DL, Pagano RE
    Rab proteins mediate Golgi transport of caveola-internalized glycosphingolipids and correct lipid trafficking in Niemann-Pick C cells. The Journal of clinical investigation 2002 Jun;109(12):1541-50
  6. Sugii S, Reid PC, Ohgami N, Du H, Chang TY
    Distinct endosomal compartments in early trafficking of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol. The Journal of biological chemistry 2003 Jul 18;278(29):27180-9
  7. Sandhoff K, Klein A
    Intracellular trafficking of glycosphingolipids: role of sphingolipid activator proteins in the topology of endocytosis and lysosomal digestion. FEBS letters 1994 Jun 6;346(1):103-7
  8. Higgins ME, Davies JP, Chen FW, Ioannou YA
    Niemann-Pick C1 is a late endosome-resident protein that transiently associates with lysosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Molecular genetics and metabolism 1999 Sep;68(1):1-13
  9. Zhang M, Dwyer NK, Love DC, Cooney A, Comly M, Neufeld E, Pentchev PG, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Hanover JA
    Cessation of rapid late endosomal tubulovesicular trafficking in Niemann-Pick type C1 disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 Apr 10;98(8):4466-71
  10. Chang TY, Chang CC, Ohgami N, Yamauchi Y
    Cholesterol sensing, trafficking, and esterification. Annual review of cell and developmental biology 2006;22:129-57
  11. Prinz WA
    Non-vesicular sterol transport in cells. Progress in lipid research 2007 Nov;46(6):297-314
  12. Infante RE, Wang ML, Radhakrishnan A, Kwon HJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL
    NPC2 facilitates bidirectional transfer of cholesterol between NPC1 and lipid bilayers, a step in cholesterol egress from lysosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 Oct 7;105(40):15287-92
  13. Alpy F, Tomasetto C
    MLN64 and MENTHO, two mediators of endosomal cholesterol transport. Biochemical Society transactions 2006 Jun;34(Pt 3):343-5
  14. Miller WL
    Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a novel mitochondrial cholesterol transporter. Biochimica et biophysica acta 2007 Jun;1771(6):663-76
  15. Gallegos AM, Schoer JK, Starodub O, Kier AB, Billheimer JT, Schroeder F
    A potential role for sterol carrier protein-2 in cholesterol transfer to mitochondria. Chemistry and physics of lipids 2000 Mar;105(1):9-29
  16. Wustner D, Herrmann A, Hao M, Maxfield FR
    Rapid nonvesicular transport of sterol between the plasma membrane domains of polarized hepatic cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 2002 Aug 16;277(33):30325-36
  17. Rodriguez-Agudo D, Ren S, Hylemon PB, Monta?ez R, Redford K, Natarajan R, Medina MA, Gil G, Pandak WM
    Localization of StarD5 cholesterol binding protein. Journal of lipid research 2006 Jun;47(6):1168-75
  18. de Donato G, Gussoni G, de Donato G, Cao P, Setacci C, Pratesi C, Mazzone A, Ferrari M, Veglia F, Bonizzoni E, Settembrini P, Ebner H, Martino A, Palombo D, Ilaill Study Group
    Acute limb ischemia in elderly patients: can iloprost be useful as an adjuvant to surgery? Results from the ILAILL study. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2007 Aug;34(2):194-8

Target Details

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